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First aid principles

When encountering an accident, be calm and bold, be careful and responsible, distinguish priorities, and decisively implement first aid methods; First deal with critical patients, then deal with patients with mild illness. In the same patient, first save lives, then deal with local areas; Observe the site environment to ensure the safety of yourself and the injured; Make full use of manpower and material resources available on site to assist in first aid.

Observation before treatment

Before specific treatment, observe the patient's whole body and master the surrounding conditions. Determine the cause of the injury, the location and extent of the pain, or close your ears to listen to the breath. Pay special attention to the color of face, mouth skin and skin, or confirm whether there is trauma, bleeding, consciousness and breathing, and carefully observe the fracture, trauma and vomiting.

Later, the specific processing method should be selected. In particular, in case of respiratory arrest, coma, massive bleeding and poisoning, the discoverer shall make emergency treatment quickly regardless of whether he or she is conscious, otherwise the patient's life will be endangered. During the observation of the change of symptoms, in case of worsening symptoms, emergency treatment shall be carried out according to the first aid method.

On site rescue work for the injured and the sick shall be organized as well as possible, and the rescue personnel shall have division of labor and cooperation.

Post observation treatment

There are many kinds of trauma or sudden illness during activities, so appropriate first aid measures should be taken to deal with them. As for the specific treatment of related symptoms, it will be detailed later. When doing first aid, move the body in the most comfortable way for the patient. If the patient is conscious of coma, pay attention to ensure that the respiratory tract is unblocked, and avoid suffocation caused by vomit. To ensure smooth breathing, the patient should lie flat. If the head is hit, lie down horizontally. If the face is blue, raise the feet, while if the face is red, raise the head slightly. If the person feels vomiting, let him lie on his side or on his stomach.

After processing

Before the patient is handed over to the doctor after emergency treatment, it is necessary to keep the patient warm to avoid physical exertion, so as to worsen the symptoms. Then contact doctors, ambulances and patients' families.

In principle, patients should be transported quietly after full treatment. The method of handling depends on the condition of the patient and the surroundings. During the transportation, the patient is very tired, and should have a moderate and regular rest, and pay attention to the patient's condition at any time. The time for on-site rescue is urgent. For the treatment of critically ill patients, first of all, the principle of first aid should be observed, and second, the key points should be grasped, and the patients should be checked quickly according to the following steps.

First aid position

The patient's position should be "supine on a hard surface". If the patient is prone or lying on his side, if possible, he should be turned into a supine position and placed on a hard surface, such as a wooden bed, floor or board on his back, so that the heart squeezing is effective. Do not lie the patient on a soft object, such as a sofa or a spring bed, so as not to directly affect the effect of external cardiac compression. Protect the head and neck.

The method of turning over: the rescuer first kneels on the shoulder and neck of the patient, straightens his two upper limbs toward the head, then places the lower leg far from the rescuer on the proximal lower leg, crosses the legs, and then holds the patient's back neck with one hand, and the patient's distal armpit with the other hand, so that the head, neck, shoulder, and trunk are turned into a supine position as a whole, and finally, put his two arms back to both sides of the body.

Open airway

The rescuer shall unfasten the collar button, tie, scarf, etc. of the patient, and quickly remove the sludge, clod, sputum, vomit, etc. in the mouth and nose of the patient to facilitate the smooth airway. The respiratory tract is the only way for gas to enter and exit the lungs. Due to the loss of consciousness, the tongue muscle of the patient is loose, the root of the tongue falls back, the epiglottis falls, and the head leans forward, causing airway obstruction in the throat. The chin raising method can raise the mandible, and the throat wall moves backward to widen the airway, so that the airway can be opened and breathing can be unblocked. The rescuer places one hand on the patient's forehead and presses it down to make his head recline. The index finger and middle finger of the other hand are placed under the mandible near the chin, and the chin is raised forward to help his head recline. The correct position is that the line between the jaw angle and the earlobe is perpendicular to the ground below the degree of head reclining. The baby's head can be gently tilted back.

Note that the removal of foreign bodies in the mouth should not take too much time. The whole process of opening the airway should be completed within 3-5 seconds, and the airway should be kept smooth throughout the cardiopulmonary resuscitation process.